以下文字与答案无关
提示:有些试题内容 显示不完整,文字错误 或者 答案显示错误等问题,这是由于我们在扫描录入过程中 机器识别错误导致,人工逐条矫正总有遗漏,所以恳请 广大网友理解。
Socrates is often referred to as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and yet he wrote nothing, established no school, and held no particular theories of his own. What he did do, however, was frequently ask the questions that interested him, and in doing so developed a new way of thinking. This method proceeds(展开) as dialogue between opposing views, and it earned him many enemies in Athens, where he lived.
Aa a young man, Socrates is believed to have studied natural philosophy, looking at the various explanations of the nature of the universe, but then became involved in the politics of the city-state and concerned with more down-to-earth moral issues, such as the nature of justice.
However, he was not interested in winning arguments, or arguing for the sake of making money. Nor was he seeking answers or explanations. He was simply examining the basis of the concepts we apply to ourselves such as “good”, “bad”, and “just”), for he believed that understanding what we are is the first task of philosophy.
He was sentenced to death on charges of corrupting the young with bad ideas. But he also had many followers, and among them was Plato, who recorded Socrates' ideas in the written works, called dialogues, in which Socrates sets about examining various ideas.
Socrates'central concern, then, was the examination of life and it was his cruel questioning of people's most valued beliefs (largely about themselves) that earned him his enemies-but he remained committed to his task until the very end. According to the account of his defense at his trial, Socrates chose death rather than face a life of ignorance: “The life which is unexamined is not worth living.”
What is true about Socrates?
选项: A:Socrates solved the problems of Western philosophy.
B:Socrates tried to find answers to his questions.
C:Socrates forced his enemies to accept his ideas.
D:Socrates cared about the meaning of life.
So who was Socrates? Well, Socrates was born in 469 B.C.E, and spent nearly all of his life in Athens, Greece. The city was then the center of Greece’s 2. ______, a time of rapid development and democratization. He was a soldier, then a stone-cutter, before 3. ______ his life to being a 4. ______ which literally means “lover of wisdom”. But little else is known about Socrates’ s up-bring, or the rest of his life because he didn’t actually write anything down. In fact, everything we know about him is through the writings of his contemporaries, most famously, his student, Plato. Plato published 5. ______ “dialogues”, in which Socrates deliberates with politicians and townspeople in Athens.
In one of Plato’s most famous works, The Symposium, Socrates and its interlocutors discuss the nature of love. Socrates claimed that everything he knows about love was taught to him by a wise woman named Diotima. According to Diotima, love is neither physical or divine, and it can not be 6. ______ as good or beautiful. Instead, love is in the desire for something - it is the spirit of 7. _______ something - like people, objects, children or beauty. Socrates concludes that this relentless 8. ______ of ideas makes him a lover of knowledge.
Socrates had plenty of ideas, but he didn’t claim to actually know anything. In fact, he famously said “True knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing”. In an attempt to uproot 9. ______ , which he saw as a danger to society, Socrates acted as Athens’ “gadfly”, that is, he went around the city pressing people on their beliefs, ultimately 10. ______ that they knew nothing. This process of gradual questioning - more commonly known as the Socratic Method - is perhaps Socrates’s greatest 11. ______ to the academic world. It is used as a form of critical discussion in English and law classes, and its influence led to the invention of the scientific method, which is 12. ______ based on challenging hypotheses in an attempt to question their validity.
Socrates forced Athenian politicians and social elite to question their own truths, and in more than one instance, publicly 13. ______ them. He was also an open critic of the city’s newly-formed democracy, as he said it would ultimately lead to the election of tyrants. As you can imagine, this didn’t go over well in Athens, and Socrates was very 14. _______. In 399 B.C.E, he was charged with not believing in the Athenian gods and using his ideas to 15. ______ the youth and was 16. ______ by poison. But Socrates didn’t resist the verdict, as it was part of the social contract, he had tacitly accepted by being a citizen of Athens.
Socrates forever changed what we think of as western philosophy. What was once an attempt to understand the world around us is now largely an 17. ______ of our inner 18. ______ and values. Socrates’s method of relentlessly hair-splitting paved the way for other historical gadflies, like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to be vocal critics of their own political system. But because Socrates never wrote anything down and rarely reviewed his own opinions, historians have struggled to come to a consensus on even his most 19. ______ teachings in biographical events. Plato’s dialogues are the most 20. ______ accounts of Socrates’s beliefs, however some scholars suspect them to be Plato’s own ideas, relayed through his teacher. To this day, it is still unclear whether we really know anything about Socrates at all.